Title: Thermal treatment-induced ductile-to-brittle transition of submicron-sized Si pillars fabricated by focused ion beam
Abstract: Si pillars fabricated by focused ion beam (FIB) had been reported to have a critical size of 310–400 nm, below which their deformation behavior would experience a brittle-to-ductile transition at room temperature. Here, we demonstrated that the size-dependent transition was actually stemmed from the amorphous Si (a-Si) shell introduced during the FIB fabrication process. Once the a-Si shell was crystallized, Si pillars would behave brittle again with their modulus comparable to their bulk counterpart. The analytical model we developed has been proved to be valid in deriving the moduli of crystalline Si core and a-Si shell.
晶体硅作为半导体工业的基础材料,其力学性能一直以来都受到广泛的关注。块体晶体硅在室温下是典型的脆性材料,但前期有研究显示,当用聚焦离子束加工技术将晶体硅的尺寸减小到310-400 nm以下时,它表现出显著的压缩塑性变形能力。然而这一结果与许多生未经过聚焦离子束加工的纳米尺度的晶体硅所表现出的室温脆性相矛盾。因此,晶体硅室温下的脆韧转变的尺寸效应存在很大的争议。
近期,西安交通大学微纳尺度研究中心(CAMP-Nano)的研究人员通过先进的原位透射电镜实验发现聚焦离子束加工会在晶体硅的表面产生25~30 nm厚的非晶层,使得实际加工出的硅柱子是晶体硅-非晶硅的核-壳结构而非单一的晶体相,并且非晶硅在压缩过程中有很好的塑性变形能力。与此形成鲜明对比的是:一旦非晶层受热发生晶化,尽管样品的外观尺寸没有明显改变,但在压应力的作用下会发生典型的脆性破坏。由此可知,此前所报道的脆韧转变的尺寸效应实际上是由于随着样品尺寸的减小,非晶硅在整个样品中所占的比重不断升高,并对样品内部的晶体硅产生强约束作用,抑制了微裂纹的萌生及扩展,从而使整个核壳结构在小于一定的临界尺寸后表现出显著的塑性变形行为。该工作还通过建立解析模型,对晶体硅和非晶硅的表观弹性模量进行拟合,结果显示:非晶硅的模量(33.3 GPa)仅为晶体硅的四分之一左右,该数值在随后的实验中得到确认。此项研究工作得到了审稿人的高度评价 “The study is well done, has a very clear message, and is of high value for both the small-scale community as well as the micro-device community…. It is good that this anyhow somewhat suspicious size-effect finally is solved. Well done!”
该研究一方面表明在微纳尺度半导体材料的力学性能研究中,聚焦离子束造成的损伤层是不能被忽略的;另一方面也预示着人们可以利用离子轰击所产生的非晶层来防止微/纳机电系统器件的突然失效。
该研究得到了国家自然科学基金、973计划项目的资助。
相关结果已于近日在线发表于国际应用物理权威期刊Applied Physics Letters上。
全文链接:http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/106/14/10.1063/1.4916263